En el presente ensayo intentaremos exponer algunos aspectos de la crítica de Graeber al capitalismo financiarizado. En el primer apartado introduciremos su concepto de alienación, clave para entender el sentido de su obra. En los apartados posteriores presentaremos las ideas principales que se pueden encontrar en Bullshit Jobs, su último libro. En él expone una teoría de los trabajos basura o inútiles, que considera uno de los pilares fundamentales de la ideología neoliberal, junto con la omnipresencia de la burocracia y (...) la moralidad de la deuda. El fenómeno social de los trabajos basura es estudiado desde diversos niveles: qué son, cómo afectan a los que los realizan, cuáles son las causas económicas y por qué nadie hace nada para acabar con ellos.In the present paper I try to delve into some of Graeber’s critiques of the financialised capitalism. In the first section, I will introduce his idea of alienation, key to understand the sense of his work. In the rest of the paper I will present the main ideas of his last book, Bullshit Jobs. There Graeber presents a theory of bullshit jobs, which he believes to be an important base of the neoliberal system, along with the bureaucracy and the debt. He analyses the social phenomenon of bullshit jobs from different perspectives: what they are, how they affect the people doing them, which are the economic causes and why nothing is done. (shrink)

Estudio sobre la ironía, como modo de entender la vida y la filosofía. Ùltimo texto de Richard J. Bernstein.

How can an incomplete and uncertain model of the environment be used to perceive, infer, decide and act efficiently? This is the challenge that both living and artificial cognitive systems have to face. Symbolic logic is, by its nature, unable to deal with this question. The subjectivist approach to probability is an extension to logic that is designed specifically to face this challenge. In this paper, we review a number of frequently encountered cognitive issues and cast them into a common (...) Bayesian formalism. The concepts we review are ambiguities, fusion, multimodality, conflicts, modularity, hierarchies and loops. First, each of these concepts is introduced briefly using some examples from the neuroscience, psychophysics or robotics literature. Then, the concept is formalized using a template Bayesian model. The assumptions and common features of these models, as well as their major differences, are outlined and discussed. (shrink)

Compared with the Greek and Latin fields, the systematic study of the concept of textual criticism in classical India has made little progress, despite the quality of work produced by specialists. And yet research of this nature would probably lead, paradoxically, to a clearer formulation of the aims and methods of modern critical editions of Indian texts.

Résumé Ce compte rendu de Formes de vie de Jacques Fontanille cherche à montrer que l’ouvrage s’inscrit dans une certaine continuité, notamment par rapport à Pratiques sémiotiques, mais qu’il constitue aussi un nouveau tournant, qui fait évoluer la sémiotique et la positionne dans le champ des sciences humaines et sociales. D’abord, nous discutons le fait que, selon Jacques Fontanille, les formes de vie font « vaciller » la frontière entre la nature et la culture. Nous soulignons le fait que Jacques (...) Fontanille développe après Descola, Latour et Lotman les notions de régimes de croyance d’identification, de mode d’existence social et de sémiosphère. Ensuite, l’accent est mis sur le « vivre-avec » comme macro-expérience. Il s’agit de mesurer les conséquences d’un double choix qui permet de dépasser le stade de l’auto-organisation : d’une part, le rapport au monde est médié par l’actant-corps ; d’autre part, l’activité sémiotique consciente d’elle-même est une activité méta-sémiotique. Enfin, il importe d’évaluer la part du culturel dans la constitution des formes de vie. Nous nous interrogeons sur l’« instanciation » des formes de vie dans un lieu et dans un temps déterminés. (shrink)

Un des débats les plus intéressants et les plus passionnés qui traversent la période du XVIIè et XVIIIè siècle concerne la finalité et les causes finales. L'importance du sujet se conçoit aisément si l'on songe à l'étendue et à la profondeur de ses implications. Par ses enjeux, le problème concerne les domaines épistémologique, esthétique, métaphysique et théologique. Comment doit-on penser, comprendre et étudier la nature? La philosophie s'interroge alors sur la scientificité non seulement des explications qu'elle donne, mais aussi des (...) questions qu'elle pose. Peut-on encore faire une théodicée, c'est-à-dire justifier d'un ordre final et providentiel de l'univers? La question porte tout autant sur la nature et Dieu que sur les pouvoirs de la raison humaine. L'étude de ces deux siècles de débats permet de comprendre la genèse de nos conceptions contemporaines de la nature. (shrink)

The valence–space metaphor research area investigates the metaphorical mapping of valenced concepts onto space. Research findings from this area indicate that positive, neutral, and negative concepts are associated with upward, midward, and downward locations, respectively, in the vertical plane. The same research area has also indicated that such concepts seem to have no preferential location on the horizontal plane. The approach–avoidance effect consists in decreasing the distance between positive stimuli and the body and increasing the distance between negative stimuli and (...) the body. Thus, the valence–space metaphor accounts for the mapping of valenced concepts onto the vertical and horizontal planes, and the approach–avoidance effect accounts for the mapping of valenced concepts onto the “depth” plane. By using a cube conceived for the study of allocation of valenced concepts onto 3D space, we show in three studies that positive concepts are placed in upward locations and near the participants’ body, negative concepts are placed in downward locations and far from the participants’ body, and neutral concepts are placed in between these concepts in both planes. (shrink)

Se presenta un artículo acerca de los factores de riesgo asociados a la dermatitis atópica en niños, enfermedad con una incidencia significativa en el municipio Nuevitas. A partir de la revisión de Historias Clínicas en los Consultorios 4,5 y 6 del territorio, en el período comprendido de enero a septiembre del 2015, se constató como importantes los factores genéticos y los medioambientales en estos pacientes. Con el objetivo de disminuir los últimos se elaboró una estrategia educativa para la familia de (...) los infantes. Se aplicó una encuesta inicial y una final con una población de 60 familias y una muestra de 30 que representa el 50 % con el criterio de inclusión de tener algún o algunos de estos factores. Se concluye que la estrategia contribuyó a transformar los estilos de vida en las familias estudiadas. The article deals with risk factors associated to atopic dermatitis in children, a disease with a significant effect on Nuevitas municipality. Starting from the checking of clinical histories in doctors' offices 4, 5 and 6 in the municipality from January to September 2015, genetic and environmental factors were confirmed to be important. Aiming at lessening these risks, an educational strategy for the children's families was developed. An initial and a final survey of a population of 60 families and a sample of 30, make for a 50 % with inclusion criterion of having some or a lot of these factors. It was reached the conclusion that the strategy contributed to transforming lifestyles in the studied families. (shrink)

Decision making in any brain is imperfect and costly in terms of time and energy. Operating under such constraints, an organism could be in a position to improve performance if an opportunity arose to exploit informative patterns in the environment being searched. Such an improvement of performance could entail both faster and more accurate (i.e., reward-maximizing) decisions. The present study investigated the extent to which human participants could learn to take advantage of immediate patterns in the spatial arrangement of serially (...) presented foods such that a region of space would consistently be associated with greater subjective value. Eye movements leading up to choices demonstrated rapidly induced biases in the selective allocation of visual fixation and attention that were accompanied by both faster and more accurate choices of desired goods as implicit learning occurred. However, for the control condition with its spatially balanced reward environment, these subjects exhibited preexisting lateralized biases for eye and hand movements (i.e., leftward and rightward, respectively) that could act in opposition not only to each other but also to the orienting biases elicited by the experimental manipulation, producing an asymmetry between the left and right hemifields with respect to performance. Potentially owing at least in part to learned cultural conventions (e.g., reading from left to right), the findings herein particularly revealed an intrinsic leftward bias underlying initial saccades in the midst of more immediate feedback-directed processes for which spatial biases can be learned flexibly to optimize oculomotor and manual control in value-based decision making. The present study thus replicates general findings of learned attentional biases in a novel context with inherently rewarding stimuli and goes on to further elucidate the interactions between endogenous and exogenous biases. (shrink)

Dès lors que la morale ne se fonde plus dans les commandements divins, la nature pourrait devenir un fondement, une norme et un principe de légitimation. Mais cette substitution d’un fondement à l’autre n’a rien d’une évidence car la nature du matérialiste n’est pas spontanément un principe de sens. Nous analyserons tout d’abord la manière dont se pose la question de l’articulation de la nature et de la morale chez Diderot, en montrant qu’elle peut être liée à des choix d’écriture (...) philosophique. Puis, nous nous demanderons ce qu’est la nature pour Diderot et en quoi on peut dire à la fois qu’il est difficile d’en déduire des vérités morales et qu’elle doit être néanmoins pensée comme norme. Enfin, on s’attachera à montrer comment les textes dialogués et les fictions de Diderot permettent de mettre en scène l’immanence des normes morales et la difficulté de les formuler. (shrink)

La morale est un des sujets majeurs de la réflexion de Diderot, où se jouent l’originalité, la pertinence et la praticabilité de sa visée matérialiste. Les questions de morale traversent tous ses textes, des ouvrages philosophiques aux lettres, des récits aux pièces de théâtre, des pamphlets politiques aux Salons, mais, comme le suggèrent les articles rassemblés dans ce dossier, paradoxalement, elles ne font l’objet d’aucun texte synthétique et eles trouvent leurs apparitions les plus consist...

L’ère du divertissement n’est pas celle du triomphe, mais bien celle de la misère du jeu. Le jeu est partout, mais la pauvreté spirituelle qui accompagne la dilution du jeu dans n’importe quoi a pour rançon l’appauvrissement ludique maximal. Quand on considère avec attention ce qu’est le jeu dans le monde contemporain, du bingo des marques des supermarchés, aux tuez-les-tous informatiques..

Un des résultats anthropologiques importants du matérialisme de Diderot et de sa critique du finalisme est la description du moi comme irréductiblement multiple. Nous analysons dans cet article les raisons et les conséquences d’une des formulations que Diderot a donnée de cette idée de moi-multiple : « C’est le rapport constant, invariable de toutes les impressions à cette origine commune qui constitue l’unité de l’animal. […] C’est la mémoire de toutes ces impressions successives qui fait pour chaque animal l’histoire de (...) sa vie et de son soi ».One of the most important anthropological results of Diderot’s materialism and his critique of finalism is the description of the self as multiple. This paper attempts to understand the causes and consequences of one of the author’s expressions of this idea of a multiple self : « It is the unvarying constant relation of all impressions to this common origin which constitutes the animal’s unity […]. The memory of all these successive impressions is for every animal the story of his life and his self. ». (shrink)

En 1748, Diderot publie son premier roman, Les Bijoux indiscrets, s’inscrivant dans la veine du conte oriental parodique et libertin à la manière de Crébillon fils. Mais il y a un autre modèle de fiction orientale, celui des Lettres persanes, qui se sert de la trame romanesque pour aborder les débats intellectuels de son temps et mettre en scène les questions philosophiques les plus fondamentales. Trois ans avant la parution du premier volume de l’ Encyclopédie, Diderot expérimente à son tour (...) les possibilités philosophiques de la fiction en inventant une nouvelle forme de philosophie narrative. (shrink)

ETA y el IRA, las dos organizaciones terroristas más antiguas de Europa, llegaron a las cotas más elevadas de su actividad armada durante los «años de plomo», entre 1968 y 1981. El presente artículo pretende, por un lado, aportar una radiografía de las víctimas y de los responsables de los crímenes de este período, analizando estudios previos y revisando documentación que arroja luz sobre las dinámicas de selección de las víctimas practicadas por ambos grupos, siguiendo el modelo teórico de de (...) la Calle y Sánchez-Cuenca. Por otro lado, ahonda en la deficiente atención institucional a los damnificados y analiza las políticas de reparación, que en ambos casos llegaron con más de tres décadas de retraso. Por último, se abordan las principales reivindicaciones pendientes, entre las que destaca el elevado nivel de impunidad de los crímenes cometidos, lo que condena a las víctimas a una victimización secundaria. (shrink)

Los cuatro filósofos que aquí se discuten parecen mostrar cuatro caminos de búsqueda que si no siempre conducen a un Dios vivo, por lo menos son un intento por alcanzarlo o una nostalgia de loa alcanzable y, por lo mismo, presente. ¿Es necesario que la ciencia se oponga a la religión? Teilhard de Chardin, en una experiencia cristiana nunca puesta en duda, trata de reunir y unificar ciencia y conciencia o, si se requiere, en términos tan viejos como vigentes, razón (...) (ciencia) y fe (la cristiana). ¿Existe la posibilidad de conocer a los "celestes", e incluso a Dios? A la pregunta contestará dubitativamente pero no sin esperanza Martín Heidegger. ¿Es importante la vida religiosa para quien, acongojadamente, descree? Lo es para alguien que, como Wittgenstein, ha perdido la fe y, sin embargo, anda en busca de lo indecible, de lo "místico". ¿Tienen todavía vigencia tratar de reunir la Grecia clásica y el universo cristiano, por vías místicas? La respuesta será afirmativa en esta obrera de la gracia y el amor que fue Simone Weil. (shrink)

Metaphors are cognitive and linguistic tools that allow reasoning. They enable the understanding of abstract domains via elements borrowed from concrete ones. The underlying mechanism in metaphorical mapping is the manipulation of concepts. This article proposes another view on what concepts are and their role in metaphor and reasoning. That is, based on current neuroscientific and behavioural evidence, it is argued that concepts are grounded in perceptual and motor experience with physical and social environments. This definition of concepts is then (...) embedded in the Structure-Mapping Theory, a model for metaphorical processing and reasoning. The blended view of structure-mapping and embodied cognition offers an insight into the processes through which the target domain of a metaphor is embodied or realised in terms of its base domain. The implications of the proposed embodied SMT model are then discussed and future topics of investigation are outlined. (shrink)

El pluralismo ontológico depende estrechamente de la doctrina de las relaciones externas. Los términos son singularidades materiales y las relaciones son singularidades virtuales, no menos reales que las primeras y que responden a una lógica propia. En su «empirismo trascendental» Deleuze retoma de modo implícito la discusión tradicional acerca de las relaciones (Bradley, Russell, Whitehead y James), aunque reconduciéndola hacia la ontología de lo virtual que actúa en el plano de inmanencia. Si nuestro análisis es correcto, la ontología misma podría (...) ser definida como una ecología de las relaciones externas que se establecen entre los diversos planos de organización (especies, individuaciones, actualidades) y el plano de inmanencia (medio ecológico o virtual). (shrink)

Living in rural areas has been described as a driver for behaving in a pro-environmental way, mainly due to the more frequent contact with nature that people from rural areas have. However, the processes that link living in a rural area and behaving in a more ecological manner have not been systematically studied. Moreover, most studies have focused on adults living in developed countries. Given the importance that the actions conducted by people in developing countries have for the future of (...) the environment, as well as the relevance of children’s pro-environmentalism for nature conservation, we present a brief research report examining the relationship between Mexican children’s place of residence and self-reported pro-environmental behavior. Participants were 200 children from Mexican rural areas (less than 1.000 inhabitants) and 200 from a Mexican urban city (more than 150.000 inhabitants). Children were between 9 and 12 years old. Children’s connection to nature was considered as a mediator in the relationship between children’s place of residence and pro-environmental behavior. Our findings revealed that rural children hold a stronger sense of connection to nature and behave in a more pro-environmental way than urban children. In addition, the place of residence was directly and positively linked to their pro-environmental behaviors, and this relationship was mediated by children’s connection to nature. The relationship between connection to nature and pro-environmental behavior was stronger for girls than for boys. The model explained 45% of the variance of children’s self-reported pro-environmental behaviors. (shrink)

Journal Name: Semiotica Issue: Ahead of print.

This article investigates whether sustainability labels for mutual funds in Europe provide consistent signals regarding funds’ sustainable characteristics. Specifically, we assess the alignment of signals conveyed by third-party and self-declared labels. Among the first typology, we consider labels sponsored by government and nonprofit organizations (GNPOs) alongside Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) ratings from commercial data vendors. The latter category includes the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) classification and an ESG-related name. Our findings indicate that equity funds with GNPO labels are (...) more likely to exhibit top-tier ESG ratings and alignment with self-declared sustainability signals, namely Article 9 of SFDR and fund names. Furthermore, holding government and multiple GNPO labels is linked to other signals indicating higher sustainability standards. In addition, funds tend to experience an improvement in Morningstar globes after receiving a GNPO label, consistent with GNPO labels signaling funds of the high-quality type. The results regarding label alignment in fixed-income funds are less conclusive. Our findings underscore the need for credible signals in view of the growing number of sustainability labels available to investors. (shrink)

RESUMEN Desde una visión ético-ontológica de la vida, esta posee una entidad propia. Una entidad que no dejaría de ser tal bajo un reconocimiento pleno de la entidad jurídica de todo lo vivo y sus capacidades de agencia, ya que ello implicaría no el flotar jerárquico-simbólico de una significación antropocéntrica sino el flotar discursivo de una significación biocéntrica mucho más amplia e igualitaria. En esa medida, el objetivo principal de este artículo estriba en relacionar de forma reflexiva y filosófica el (...) vasto y complejo universo de lo natural con las particularidades antropocéntricas, jerárquicas y excluyentes de la filosofía contractualista, centrada esta última, para los fines de este texto, en el problema de la legitimidad de la soberanía tanto en el inicio del Estado moderno en la conflictividad humana hobbesiana como en las relaciones geopolíticas de la actualidad. ABSTRACT From an ethical and ontological view of life, it is accepted that life has its own entity. An entity that does not cease to be such under a full recognition of the legal entity of all living things and their capabilities of agency, since that would imply not a hierarchical-symbolic float with an anthropocentric significance, but a discursive float with a biocentric significance; much more wide and egalitarian. To that extent, the main objective of this article is to relate in a reflective and philosophical way the vast and complex universe of the natural to the anthropocentric, hierarchical and exclusive features of the contractualism philosophy. For the purposes of this text, contractualism philosophy will be centered on the problem of the legitimacy of sovereignty at the beginning of the modern state with the Hobbesian human conflict and in today geopolitical relations. (shrink)

Machine stability and energy efficiency have become major issues in the manufacturing industry, primarily during the COVID-19 pandemic where fluctuations in supply and demand were common. As a result, Predictive Maintenance (PdM) has become more desirable, since predicting failures ahead of time allows to avoid downtime and improves stability and energy efficiency in machines. One type of machine failure stands out due to its impact, machine overstrain, which can occur when machines are used beyond their tolerable limit. From the current (...) literature, there are little to no relevant works that focus on machine overstrain failure detection or prediction. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to implement and compare four Machine Learning (ML) algorithms for PdM applied to machine overstrain failures: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Gradient Boosting, Random Forest and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Moreover, it proposes a training methodology for imbalanced data and the automatic optimization of hyperparameters, which aims to improve performance in the ML models. To evaluate the performance of the ML models, a synthetic dataset that simulates industrial machine data is used. The obtained results show the robustness of the proposed methodology, with the ANN and SVM models achieving a perfect recall score, with 98.95% and 98.85% in accuracy, respectively. (shrink)